Acceso gestor editorial

Nuevo Usuario

Revista Angiología 00214 / http://dx.doi.org/10.20960/angiologia.00214
Resumen| PDF

Artículos Especiales

Comentario del CEIPV a la actualización de las Guías Europeas de Prevención Vascular en la Práctica Clínica

Pedro Armario, Carlos Brotons, Roberto Elosúa, María Alonso de Leciñana, Almudena Castro, Albert Clarà Velasco, Olga Cortés, Ángel Díaz Rodríguez, María Herranz, Soledad Justo, Carlos Lahoz, Juan Pedro-Botet, Antonio Pérez Pérez, Rafael Santamaría, Ricard Tresserras, Susana Aznar Laín, Miguel Ángel Royo-Bordonada

Prepublicado: 2020-10-16
Publicado: 2020-10-29
VOLUMEN 72, EXT. 1, octubre (2020), PAG. 1-30

Logo Descargas   Número de descargas: 57156      Logo Visitas   Número de visitas: 2804      Citas   Citas: 0

Compártelo:


Presentamos la adaptación para España de la actualización de las guías europeas de prevención vascular. En esta actualización se hace mayor énfasis en el abordaje poblacional, especialmente en la promoción de la actividad física y de una dieta saludable mediante políticas alimentarias y de ocio y transporte activo en España. Para estimar el riesgo vascular, se destaca la importancia de recalibrar las tablas que se utilicen, adaptándolas a los cambios poblaciones en la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo y en la incidencia de enfermedades vasculares, con particular atención al papel de la enfermedad renal crónica. A nivel individual resulta clave el apoyo personalizado para el cambio de conducta, la adherencia a la medicación en los individuos de alto riesgo y pacientes con enfermedad vascular, la promoción de la actividad física y el abandono del tabaquismo. Además, se revisan los ensayos clínicos recientes con inhibidores de PCKS9, la necesidad de simplificar el tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión arterial para mejorar su control y la adherencia al tratamiento. En los pacientes con diabetes mellitus 2 y enfermedad vascular o riesgo vascular alto, cuando los cambios de estilo de vida y la metformina resultan insuficientes, deben priorizarse los fármacos con demostrado beneficio vascular. Por último, se incluyen pautas sobre enfermedad arterial periférica y otras enfermedades específicas y se recomienda no prescribir antiagregantes en prevención primaria.

Palabras Clave: Prevención y control. Enfermedades vasculares. Guías de práctica clínicas. Dieta saludable. Hipertensión arterial. Diabetes. Control de lípidos. Tabaco.



Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, et al. 2016 European guideliness on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical praqctice. Eur Heart J 2016;37:2315-81.
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106
Royo-Bordonada MA, Armario P, Lobos Bejarano JM, et al. en nombre del Comité Español Interdisciplinario para la Prevención Cardiovascular (CEIPC). Rev Esp Salud Publica 2016;90:e1-e24.
Piepoli MF, Abreu A, Albus C, et al. Update on cardiovascular prevention in clinical practice: A position paper of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020;27(2):181-205.
DOI: 10.1177/2047487319893035
GBD 2017 Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2017. Lancet 2018;392:1684-735.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31891-9
Wilkins E, Wilson L, Wickramasinghe K, et al. European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2017 Edition; 2017.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Estadística de defunciones según la causa de muerte [consultado el 19 de junio de 2020]. Disponible en: www.ine.es
Soriano JB, Rojas-Rueda D, Alonso J, et al. La carga de enfermedad en España: resultados del Estudio de la Carga Global de las Enfermedades 2016. Med Clin (Barc) 2018;151:171-90.
DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2018.05.011
Castellano Vázquez JM, Fernández Alvira JM, Fuster V. La prevención primordial en la prevención cardiovascvular. Rev Esp Cardiol 2020;73:194-6.
DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2019.09.022
Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, et al. American Heart Association Strategic Planning Task Force and Statistics Committee. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association's strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation 2010;121:586-613.
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192703
Díez-Espino J, Buil-Cosales P, Babio N, et al. Impacto de Life’s Siple 7 en la incidencia de eventos cqrdiovasculastres mayores en adultos españoles con alto riesgo de la cohorte del estudio PREDIMED. Rev Esp Cardiol 2020;73:205-21.
DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2019.05.010
Conroy RM, Pyorala K, Fitzgerald AP, et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J 2003;24:987-1003.
DOI: 10.1016/S0195-668X(03)00114-3
Baena-Díez JM, Subirana I, Ramos R, et al. Evaluación de la validez de las funciones SCORE de bajo riesgo y calibrada para población española en las cohortes. Rev Esp Cardiol 2018;71:274-82.
DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2017.03.016
Vega Alonso AT, Ordax Díez A, Lozano Alonso JE, et al. Validación del índice SCORE y el SCORE para personas mayores en la cohorte de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en Castilla y León. Hipertens Riesgo Vasc 2019;36:184-92.
DOI: 10.1016/j.hipert.2019.02.002
Brotons C, Moral I, Fernández D, et al. Estimation of Lifetime Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (IBERLIFERISK): A New Tool for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Primary Care. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2019;72:562-8.
DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2018.05.002
Marrugat J, Solanas P, D'Agostino R, et al. Estimación del riesgo coronario en España mediante la ecuación de Framingham calibrada. Rev Esp Cardiol 2003;56(3):253-61.
DOI: 10.1016/S0300-8932(03)76861-4
Marrugat J, Subirana I, Comin E, et al. Validity of an adaptation of the Framingham cardiovascular risk function: the VERIFICA study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2007;61:40-7.
DOI: 10.1136/jech.2005.038505
Marrugat J, Subirana I, Ramos R, et al. Derivation and validation of a set of 10-year cardiovascular risk predictive functions in Spain: the FRESCO Study. Prev Med 2014;61:66-74.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.12.031
Brotons C, Moral I, Fernández D, et alJ. Estimation of Lifetime Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (IBERLIFERISK): A New Tool for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Primary Care. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2019:72:562-8.
DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2018.05.028
Jaspers NEM, Blaha MJ, Matsushita K, et al. Prediction of individualized lifetime benefit from cholesterol lowering, blood pressure lowering, antithrombotic therapy, and smoking cessation in apparently healthy people. Eur Heart J 2020;41:1190‐9.
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz239
Berkelmans GFN, Gudbjörnsdottir S, Visseren FLJ, et al. Prediction of individual life-years gained without cardiovascular events from lipid, blood pressure, glucose, and aspirin treatment based on data of more than 500 000 patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur Heart J 2019;40:2899‐906.
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy839
Lin JS, Evans CS, Johnson E, et al. Nontraditional risk factors in cardiovascular risk assessment: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2018;320:281-97.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.4242
Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2019;140:e596-46.
DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000725
Tada H, Melander O, Louie JZ, et al. Risk prediction by genetic risk scores for coronary heart disease is independent of self-reported family history. Eur Heart J 2016;37:561-7.
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv462
Jarmul J, Pletcher MJ, Hassmiller Lich K, et al. Cardiovascular genetic risk testing for targeting statin therapy in the primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 2018;11:e004171.
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.117.004171
De Gonzalo-Calvo D, Iglesias-Gutiérrez E, Llorente-Cortés V. Epigenetic Biomarkers and Cardiovascular Disease: Circulating MicroRNAs. Rev Esp Cardiol 2017;70:763-9.
DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2017.02.027
Vaccarino V, Badimon L, Bremner JD, et al. Depression and coronary heart disease: 2018 ESC position paper of the working group of coronary pathophysiology and microcirculation developed under the auspices of the ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. Eur Heart J 2019. Epub ahead of print 28 January 2019.
Pogosova N, Kotseva K, De Bacquer D, et al. Psychosocial risk factors in relation to other cardiovascular risk factors in coronary heart disease: results from the EUROASPIRE IV survey. A registry from the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017;24:1371-80.
DOI: 10.1177/2047487317711334
Suglia SF, Koenen KC, Boynton-Jarrett R, et al. Childhood and adolescent adversity and cardiometabolic outcomes: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2018;137:e15-28.
DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000536
Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Brindle P. Development and validation of QRISK3 risk prediction algorithms to estimate future risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2017;357:j2099.
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j2099
Newby DE, Adamson PD, Berry C, et al; the SCOTHEART Investigators. Coronary CT angiography and 5-year risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2018;379: 924-33.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1805971
Steinarsson AO, Rawshani A, Gudbjörnsdottir S, et al. Short-term progression of cardiometabolic risk factors in relation to age at type 2 diabetes diagnosis: a longitudinal observational study of 100,606 individuals from the Swedish National Diabetes Register. Diabetologia 2018;61:599-606.
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4532-8
Huo L, Magliano DJ, Rancière F, et al. Impact of age at diagnosis and duration of type 2 diabetes on mortality in Australia 1997-2011. Diabetologia 2018;61:1055-63.
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4544-z
Sattar N, Rawshani A, Franzén S, et al. Age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associations with cardiovascular and mortality risks. Circulation 2019;139:2228-37.
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037885
Donnelly LA, Zhou K, Doney ASF, et al. Rates of glycaemic deterioration in a real-world population with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2018; 61:607-15.
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4519-5
Huxley RR, Peters SA, Mishra GD, et al. Risk of all-cause mortality and vascular events in women versus men with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015;3:198-206.
DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70248-7
Bebu I, Braffett BH, Pop-Busui R, et al; DCCT/EDIC Research Group. The relationship of blood glucose with cardiovascular disease is mediated over time by traditional risk factors in type 1 diabetes: the DCCT/EDIC study. Diabetologia 2017;60:2084-91.
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4374-4
The Diabetes Control and Complications trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2016;65:1370-9.
DOI: 10.2337/db15-1517
Lind M, Svensson AM, Kosiborod M, et al. Glycemic control and excess mortality in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2014;37:1972-82.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1408214
Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2643-53.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa052187
Rawshani A, Sattar N, Franzén S, et al. Excess mortality and cardiovascular disease in young adults with type 1 diabetes in relation to age at onset: a nationwide, register-based cohort study. Lancet 2018;392:477-86.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31506-X
American Diabetes Association. 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019. Diabetes Care 2019;42(Suppl.1):S103-23.
DOI: 10.2337/dc19-S010
Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J 2020;41:255-323.
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486
Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J 2020;41:111-88.
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455
GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2020;395:709-33.
Ortiz A, Sánchez-Niño MD, Crespo-Barrio M, et al. The Spanish Society of Nephrology (SENEFRO) commentary to the Spain GBD 2016 report: Keeping chronic kidney disease out of sight of health authorities will only magnify the problem. Nefrologia 2019;39:29-34.
DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2018.09.002
Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2020 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2020;141:e139-596.
DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000746
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;71:e127-248.
Williams B, Mancía G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management or arterial hypertension. The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Hypertension (ESH). Eur Heart J 2018;29:3021-104.
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339
Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J 2020;41:111-88.
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455
American Diabetes Association. 11. Microvascular Complications and Foot Care: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care 2020;43(Suppl.January):S135-51.
DOI: 10.2337/dc20-S011
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2013 3:1-150.
Matsushita K, Van der Velde M, Astor BC, et al. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Lancet 2010;375:2073-81.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60674-5
Matsushita K, Coresh J, Sang Y, et al. Estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria for prediction of cardiovascular outcomes: a collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015;3:514-25.
DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00040-6
Lees JS, Welsh CE, Celis-Morales CA, et al. Glomerular filtration rate by differing measures, albuminuria and prediction of cardiovascular disease, mortality and end-stage kidney disease. Nat Med 2019;25:1753-60.
DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0627-8
National Institute for Health Care Excellence. Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification (NICE Clinical Guideline CG181). Nice 2016;(July 2014). Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg181
Goff DC, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2014;129(Suppl.2):S49-73.
Xu S, Song M, Xiong Y, et al. The association between periodontal disease and the risk of myocardial infarction: a pooled analysis of observational studies. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2017;17:50.
DOI: 10.1186/s12872-017-0480-y
Li C, Lv Z, Shi Z, et al. Periodontal therapy for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic periodontitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;8:CD009197.
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009197.pub2
Garshick MS, Vaidean GD, Vani A, et al. Cardiovascular risk factor control and lifestyle factors in young to middle-aged adults with newly diagnosed obstructive coronary artery disease. Cardiology 2019;142:83-90.
DOI: 10.1159/000498891
Medrano MJ, Pastor-Barriuso R, Boix R, et al; investigadores del estudio ZACARIS. Riesgo coronario atribuible a los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en población española. Rev Esp Cardiol 2007;60:1250-6.
DOI: 10.1157/13113930
Aranceta-Bartrina J, Gianzo-Citores M, Pérez-Rodrigo C. Prevalence of overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity in the Spanish population aged 3 to 24 years. The ENPE study. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2020;73:290-9.
DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2019.07.011
Farnier M, Civeira F, Descamps O; FH expert working group. How to implement clinical guidelines to optimise familial hypercholesterolaemia diagnosis and treatment. Atheroscler Suppl 2017;26:25-35.
DOI: 10.1016/S1567-5688(17)30022-3
Vallejo-Vaz AJ, De Marco M, Stevens CAT, et al; EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration. Overview of the current status of familial hypercholesterolaemia care in over 60 countries - The EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC). Atherosclerosis 2018;277:234-55.
DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.08.051
Gijón-Conde T, Gorostidi M, Banegas JR, et al. Documento de la Sociedad Española de Hipertensión-Liga Española para la Lucha contra la Hipertensión Arterial (SEH-LELHA) sobre monitorización ambulatoria de la presión arterial (MAPA) 2019. Hipertens Riesgo Vasc 2019;36:199-212.
DOI: 10.1016/j.hipert.2019.05.002
United Nation. World population prospects 2019 [consultado el 21 de abril de 2020]. Disponible en: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/
Nanna MG, Navar AM, Wojdyla D, et al. The Association Between Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Incident Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults: Results from the National Institutes of Health Pooled Cohorts. J Am Geriatr Soc 2019;67:2560-7.
DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16123
Bejan-Angoulvant T, Saadatian-Elahi M, Wright JM, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years and older: the lower the better? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens 2010; 28:1366-72.
DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328339f9c5
Vaes B, Depoortere D, Van Pottelbergh G, et al. Association between traditional cardiovascular risk factors and mortality in the oldest old: untangling the role of frailty. BMC Geriatr 2017;17:234.
DOI: 10.1186/s12877-017-0626-x
Santos-Eggimann B, Santschi V, Del Giovane C, et al. Screening and treatment of hypertension in older adults: less is more? Public Health Rev 2018;39:26.
DOI: 10.1186/s40985-018-0101-z
Benetos A, Petrovic M, Strandberg T. Hypertension management in older and frailolder patients. Circ Res 2019;124:1045-60.
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313236
Williamson JD, Supiano MA, Applegate WB, et al. Intensive vs Standard Blood Pressure Control and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes in Adults Aged ≥75 Years: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2016;315:2673-82.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.7050
Pallarés-Carratalá V, Divisón JA, Prieto MA, et al; en nombre del Grupo de Trabajo de Hipertensión Arterial y Enfermedad Cardiovascular de SEMERGEN; Miembros del Grupo de Trabajo de Hipertensión Arterial y Enfermedad Cardiovascular de SEMERGEN. [Positioning for the management of arterial hypertension in Primary Care from the critical analysis of the American (2017) and European (2018) guidelines. Spanish Society of Primary Care Physicians (SEMERGEN)]. Semergen 2019;45:251-72.
Gómez-Huelgas R, Gómez Peralta F, Rodríguez Mañas L, et al. Tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el paciente anciano. Rev Clin Esp 2018;218:74-88.
DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2017.12.003
Cholesterol Treatment Trialist´s Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in older people: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2019;393:407-15.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31942-1
Okaby AR, Gaziano JM, Djousse L, et al. Statins for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Older Men. J Am Geriatr Soc 2017;65:2362-8.
DOI: 10.1111/jgs.14993
Ramos R, Comas-Cufí M, Martí-Lluch R, et al. Statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular events and mortality in old and very old adults with and without type 2 diabetes: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2018;362:k3359.
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k3359
Giral P, Neumann A, Weill A, et al. Cardiovascular effect of discontinuing statins for primary prevention at the age of 75 years: a nationwide population-based cohort study in France. Eur Heart J 2019;40:3516-525.
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz458
Timmis A, Townsend N, Gale C, et al. European Society of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2019. Eur Heart J 2020;41:12-85.
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz859
Groenhof TKJ, van Rijn BB, Franx A, et al. Preventing cardiovascular disease after hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: Searching for the how and when. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017;24:1735-45.
DOI: 10.1177/2047487317730472
Douglas P, Poppas A. Overview of cardiovascular risk factors in women. UpToDate, nov, 2019.
Stephenson J, Heslehurst N, Hall J, et al. Before the beginning: nutrition and lifestyle in the preconception period and its importance for future health. Lancet 2018;391:1830-41.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30311-8
Peters SA, Woodward M. Women’s reproductive factors and incident cardiovascular disease in the UK Biobank. Heart 2018;104:1069-75.
DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312289
Hyun KK, Redfern J, Patel A, et al. Gender inequalities in cardiovascular risk factor assessment and management in primary healthcare. Heart 2017;103:492-8.
DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310216
Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, et al. Heart Disease and stroke statistics- 2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulationb 2017;135:e146-e603.
DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000491
Willett W, Rockström J, Loken B, et al. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet 2019;393:447-92.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31788-4
GBD 2017 Diet Collaborators. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2019;393:1958-72.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8
World Health Organization. Mapping the health system response to childhood obesity in the WHO European Region: an overview and country perspectives. In: Investing in Children: The European Child and Adolescent Health Strategy 2015-2020. Geneva: WHO, 2015.
Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social. Nota técnica. Encuesta Nacional de Salud España 2017 [consultado el 17/04/2019]. Disponible en: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/encuestaNacional/encuestaNac2017/ENSE2017_notatecnica.pdf
Spinelli A, Buoncristiano M, Kovacs VA, et al. Prevalence of Severe Obesity Among Primary School Children in 21 European Countries. Obes Facts 2019;12:244-58.
DOI: 10.1159/000500436
Royo-Bordonada MÁ. La publicidad que nos engorda. Alternativas Económicas. 2019;66:46-7.
Bronzwaer S, Kass G, Robinson T, et al. Food safety regulatory research needs 2030. EFSA J 2019;17:e170622.
Garde A, Byrne S, Gokani N, et al. A child rights-based approach to food marketing: a giode for policy makers. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Disponible en: https://www.unicef.org/csr/files/A_Child_Rights-Based_Approach_to_Food_Marketing_Report.pdf
Organización Mundial de la Salud. Conjunto de recomendaciones sobre la promoción de alimentos y bebidas no alcohólicas dirigida a los niños. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2010 [consultado el 17/04/2019]. Disponible en: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44422/1/9789243500218_spa.pdf
Directiva (UE) No 1808/2018 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 14 de noviembre de 2018 por la que se modifica la Directiva 2010/13/UE sobre la coordinación de determinadas disposiciones legales, reglamentarias y administrativas de los Estados miembros relativas a la prestación de servicios de comunicación audiovisual (Directiva de servicios de comunicación audiovisual), habida cuenta de la evolución de las realidades del mercado. DOUE, 28 de noviembre de 2018;L303:69-91 [consultado el 17/04/2019]. Disponible en: https://www.boe.es/doue/2018/303/L00069-00092.pdf
EU Science Hub. The European Commission’s science and knowledge service. Health promotion and disease prevention. Sugar and sweeteners, 2019. Disponible en: https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/health-knowledge-gateway
Egnell M, Talati Z, Hercberg S, et al. Objective understanding of front-of-package nutrition labels: an international comparative experimental study across 12 countries. Nutrients 2018;10:1542.
DOI: 10.3390/nu10101542
Julia C, Etile F, Hercberg S. Front-of-pack Nutri-Score labelling in France: an evidence-based policy. Lancet Public Health 2018;3:164.
DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30009-4
Royo-Bordonada MÁ, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Bes-Rastrollo M, et al.; en nombre del Grupo de Nutrición de la Sociedad Española de Epidemiología. Políticas alimentarias para prevenir la obesidad y las principales enfermedades no transmisibles en España: querer es poder. Gac Sanit 2019;33:584-92.
DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2019.05.009
Alianza por una Alimentación Saludable. Manifiesto defiéndeme: campaña por la eliminación de la publicidad de alimentos malos para la salud de la población infantil. Disponible en: https://defiendeme.org/recursos/
100. Katzmarzyk PT, Church TS, Craig CL, et al. Sitting time and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41:998-1005.
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181930355
101. Chau JY, Grunseit AC, Chey T, et al. Daily sitting time and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013;8:e80000.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080000
102. Sakaue A, Adachi H, Enomoto M, et al. Association between physical activity, occupational sitting time and mortality in a general population: an 18-year prospective survey in Tanushimaru, Japan. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020;27:758-66.
DOI: 10.1177/2047487318810020
103. Ekelund U, Steene-Johannessen J, Brown WJ, et al. Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. Lancet 2016;388:1302-10.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30370-1
104. Berry JD, Willis B, Gupta S, et al. Lifetime risks for cardiovascular disease mortality by cardiorespiratory fitness levels measured at ages 45, 55, and 65 years in men: the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:1604-10.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.10.056
105. Fiuza-Luces C, Garatachea N, Berger NA, et al. Exercise is the real polypill. Physiology 2013;28:330-58.
DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00019.2013
106. Bronfenbrenner U. The bioecological theory of human development. En: Smelser N and Baltes P (Eds.). International enciclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences. New York: Elsevier; 2001. pp. 6963-70.
DOI: 10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/00359-4
107. World Health Organization. Global action plan on physical activity 2018–2030: More active people for a healthier world. Geneva: WHO, 2019. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/ncds/prevention/physical-activity/global-action-plan-2018-2030/en/
108. Piercy KL, Troiano RP, Ballard RM, et al. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edn. 2018. JAMA 2018;320:2020-8.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.14854
109. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report 2018. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA, 2019. Disponible en: https://health.gov/paguidelines/second-edition/report
110. Hunter RF, Christian H, Veitch J, et al. The impact of interventions to promote physical activity in urban green space: a systematic review and recommendations for future research. Soc Sci Med 2015;124:246-56.
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.051
111. Estrategia de actividad física para la región europea de la OMS 2016-2025. Disponible en: http://www.cibr.es/salud-actividad-fisica-organismo-oficial-salud-actividad-fisica-organismo-oficial-22dcfc
112. Aznar Laín S, González López E, Ruiz Peralta E, et al. Guía rutas saludables. Red Española de Ciudades Saludables, 2019. Disponible en: http://recs.es/hacia-rutas-saludables-guia-para-el-diseno-implementacion-y-evaluacion-de-un-plan-de-rutas-saludables/
113. World Health Organization. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2015: Raising Taxes on Tobacco. Geneva: WHO. Available from: https://www.who.int/tobacco/global_report/2015/en/
114. Critselis E, Panagiotakos DB, Georgousopoulou EN, et al. Exposure to second hand smoke and 10-year (2002–2012) incidence of cardiovascular disease in never smokers: the ATTICA cohort study. Int J Cardiol 2019;295:29-35.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.07.065
115. Pérez M, Galán I. Evaluación de las políticas de control del tabaquismo en España (Leyes 28/2005 y 42/2010). Revisión de la evidencia. Grupo de Trabajo sobre Tabaquismo de la Sociedad Española de Epidemiología. Madrid: Parsán Gráfica; 2017.
116. Hoffman SJ, Poirier MJP, Rogers Van Katwyk S, et al. Impact of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control on global cigarette consumption: quasi-experimental evaluations using interrupted time series analysis and in sample forecast event modelling. BMJ 2019;365:l2287.
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l2287
117. Carroll AJ, Labarthe DR, Huffman MD, et al. Global tobacco prevention and control in relation to a cardiovascular health promotion and disease prevention framework: a narrative review. Prev Med 2016;93:189-97.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.10.004
118. Gravely S, Giovino GA, Craig L, et al. Implementation of key demand-reduction measures of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and change in smoking prevalence in 126 countries an association studies. Lancet Public Health 2017;2:e166-e174.
DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30045-2
119. IASLC Lung Cancder News. Austria’s Reversal of Smoking Ban in World Spotlight. Disponible en: www.lungcancernews.org/2018/08/28/austrias-reversal-of-smoking-ban-inworld-spotlight/
120. Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA 3rd, et al. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2010;121:2331‐78.
DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1
121. Liu C, Chen R, Sera F, et al. Ambient Particulate Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in 652 Cities. N Engl J Med 2019;381:705-15.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1817364
122. Lelieveld J, Klingmüller K, Pozzer A, et al. Cardiovascular disease burden from ambient air pollution in Europe reassessed using novel hazard ratio functions. Eur Heart J 2019;40:1590-6.
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz135
123. Bañeras J, Ferreira-González I, Marsal JR, et al. Short-term exposure to air pollutants increases the risk of ST elevation myocardial infarction and of infarct-related ventricular arrhythmias and mortality. Int J Cardiol 2018;250:35-42.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.10.004
124. Tobías A, Recio A, Díaz J, Linares C. Health impact assessment of traffic noise in Madrid (Spain). Environ Res 2015;137:136-40.
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.011
125. Karanasiou A, Moreno N, Moreno T, et al. Health effects from Sahara dust episodes in Europe: literature review and research gaps. Environ Int 2012;47:107-14.
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.012
126. Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Influence of urban and transport planning and the city environment on cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2018;15:432-8.
DOI: 10.1038/s41569-018-0003-2
127. Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. Plan Nacional de Calidad del AIRE 2017-2019 (Plan Aire II). Disponible en: https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/temas/atmosfera-y-calidad-del-aire/planaire2017-2019_tcm30-436347.pdf
128. Leemrijse CJ, Peters RJ, von Birgelen C, et al. The telephone lifestyle intervention ‘‘Hartcoach’’ has modest impact on coronary risk factors: a randomised multicentretrial. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2016;23:1658-68.
DOI: 10.1177/2047487316639681
129. Palacios J, Lee GA, Duaso M, et al. Internet-delivered self-management support for improving coronary heart disease and self-management-related outcomes: a systematic review. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2017;32:E9-E23.
DOI: 10.1097/JCN.0000000000000392
130. Simpson SH, Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, et al. A meta-analysis of the association between adherence to drug therapy and mortality. BMJ 2006;333:15.
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38875.675486.55
131. Palmer MJ, Barnard S, Perel P, et al. Mobile phonebased interventions for improving adherence to medication prescribed for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;6:CD012675.
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012675.pub2
132. Adler AJ, Martin N, Mariani J, et al. Mobile phone text messaging to improve medication adherence in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;4:CD011851.
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011851.pub2
133. Kraus WE, Powell KE, Haskell WL, et al. Physical activity, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019;51:1270-81.
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001939
134. King AC, Whitt-Glover MC, Marquez DX, et al. Physical activity promotion: highlights from the 2018Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Systematic Review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019;51:1340-53.
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001945
135. Sánchez Ruiz-Cabello FJ. Promoción de la actividad física. En Recomendaciones PrevInfad/PAPPS [en línea]. Actualizado mayo de 2019. Disponible en: http://previnfad.aepap.org/recomendacion/actividad-fisica-rec
136. Campbell WW, Kraus WE, Powell KE, et al. Highintensity interval training for cardiometabolic disease prevention. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019;51:1220-6.
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001934
137. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report 2018. U.S. Department of Health andHuman Services, Washington, DC, USA [accessed 20 November 2019]. Available from: https://health.gov/paguidelines/second-edition/report
138. Gourlan M, Bernard P, Bortolon C, et al. Efficacy of theory-based interventions to promote physical activity. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Health Psychol Rev 2016;10:50-66.
DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2014.981777
139. Jakicic JM, Davis KK, Rogers RJ, et al. Effect of wearable technology combined with a lifestyle intervention on long-term weight loss: the IDEA randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016;316:1161-71.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.12858
140. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. The Health Consequences of Smoking-50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA, USA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), 2014.
141. Camarelles P; Grupo de Educación sanitaria y promoción de la salud PAPPS. El reto de los e-cigs y otros dispositivos de liberación de nicotina (ENDS). Disponible en: http://educacionpapps.blogspot.com/2020/05/el-reto-de-los-e-cigs-y-otros.html
142. Bullen C, Howe C, Laugesen M, et al. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2013;382:1629.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61842-5
143. Galaviz KI, Weber MB, Straus A, et al. Global diabetes prevention interventions: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of the real-world impact on incidence, weight, and glucose. Diabetes Care 2018;41:1526-34.
DOI: 10.2337/dc17-2222
144. Mente A, Dehghan M, Rangarajan S, et al. Associationof dietary nutrients with blood lipids and blood pressure in 18 countries: a cross-sectional analysis from the PURE study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017;5:774-87.
DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30283-8
145. O’Connor LE, Kim JE, Campbell WW. Total redmeat intake of _0.5 servings/d does not negatively influence cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systemically searched meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2017;105:57-69.
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.142521
146. Fernández-Sola J. Cardiovascular risks and benefits of moderate and heavy alcohol consumption. Nat Rev Cardiol 2015;12:576-87.
DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2015.91
147. Wood AM, Kaptoge S, Butterworth AS, et al. Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies. Lancet 2018;391:1513-23.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30134-X
148. Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, et al; FOURIER Steering Committee and Investigators. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2017;376:1713-22.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1615664
149. Schwartz GG, Steg PG, Szarek M, et al; Odyssey outcomes Committees and Investigators. Alirocumab and cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2018;379:2097-107.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1801174
150. Ridker PM, Revkin J, Amarenco P, et al; SPIRE Cardiovascular Outcome Investigators. Cardiovascular efficacy and safety of bococizumab in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2017;376:1527-39.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1701488
151. Bonaca MP, Nault P, Giugliano RP, et al. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering with evolocumab and outcomes in patients with peripheral artery disease: insights from the FOURIER trial (Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research With PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects with Elevated Risk). Circulation 2018;137:338-50.
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032235
152. Jukema JW, Szarek M, Zijlstra LE, et al. Alirocumab in patients with polyvascular disease and recent acute coronary syndrome: ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;74:1167-76.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.013
153. O'Donoghue ML, Fazio S, Giugliano RP, et al. Lipoprotein(a), PCSK9 inhibition, and cardiovascular risk. Circulation 2019;139:1483-92.
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037184
154. Bittner VA, Szarek M, Aylward PE, et al. Effect of alirocumab on lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular risk after acute coronary syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;75:133-44.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.10.057
155. Nicholls SJ, Puri R, Anderson T, et al. Effect of evolocumab on progression of coronary disease in statin-treated patients: the GLAGOV randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016;316:2373–84.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.16951
156. Cao YX, Liu HH, Dong QT, et al. Effect of proprotein convertase subtilisin/ kexin type 9 (PCSK9) monoclonal antibodies on new-onset diabetes mellitus and glucose metabolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018;20:1391-8.
DOI: 10.1111/dom.13235
157. Giugliano RP, Mach F, Zavitz K, et al. Cognitive function in a randomized Trial of evolocumab. N Engl J Med 2017;377:633-43.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1701131
158. Harvey PD, Sabbagh MN, Harrison JE, et al. No evidence of neurocognitive adverse events associated with alirocumab treatment in 3340 patients from 14 randomized phase 2 and 3 controlled trials: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Eur Heart J 2018;39:374-81.
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx661
159. Dobrzynski JM, Kostis JB, Sargsyan D, et al. Effect of cholesterol lowering with statins or proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 antibodies on cataracts: a meta-analysis. J Clin Lipidol 2018;12:728-33.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.02.002
160. Faselis C, Imprialos K, Grassos H, et al. Is very low LDL-C harmful? Curr Pharm Des 2018;24:3658-64.
161. Annemans L, Packard CJ, Briggs A, et al. “Highest risk highest benefit” strategy: a pragmatic, cost-effective approach to targeting use of PCSK9 inhibitor therapies. Eur Heart J 2018;39:2546-50.
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx710
162. Kazi DS, Penko J, Coxson PG, et al. Updated cost-effectiveness analysis of PCSK9 inhibitors based on the results of the FOURIER trial. JAMA 2017;318:748-50.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.9924
163. Ascaso JF, Civeira F, Guijarro C, et al. Indicaciones de los inhibidores de PCSK9 en la práctica clínica. Recomendaciones de la Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis (SEA), 2019. Clin Investig Arterioscler 2019;31:128-39.
164. Alexander DD, Miller PE, Van Elswyk ME, et al. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease risk. Mayo Clin Proc 2017;92:15-29.
DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.10.018
165. Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;7(7):CD003177.
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub4
166. Wen YT, Dai JH, Gao Q. Effects of Omega-3 fatty acid on major cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014;24:470-5.
DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2013.12.004
167. Mozaffarian D, Rimm EB. Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA 2006;296:1885-9.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.296.15.1885
168. Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, et al; REDUCE-IT Investigators. Cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl for hypertriglyceridemia. N Engl J Med 2019;380:11-22.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1812792
169. Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, et al; REDUCE-IT Investigators. Reduction in first and total ischemic events with icosapent ethyl across baseline triglyceride tertiles. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;74:1159-61.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.06.043
170. Pérez-Calahorra S, Laclaustra M, Arco-Benedi V, et al. Effect of lipid-lowering tredatment in cardiuovascular disease oprevalence in familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2019;284:245-52.
DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.02.003
171. Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, et al. Finish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mel-litus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1343-50.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200105033441801
172. The Look Ahead Research Group. Long term effects of a lifestyle inter-vention on weight and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: Four-year results of the Look AHEAD trial. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:1566-75.
173. Franz MJ, Boucher JL, Rutten-Ramos S, et al. Lifestyle weight-loss intervention outcomes in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Acad Nutr Diet 2015;115:1447-63.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.02.031
174. Lean MeJ, Leslie WS, Barnes AC, et al. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 2018;391:541-51.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33102-1
175. Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, et al. Comparison of the effects of glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for prevention of major adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2019;139:2022-31.
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038868
176. Davies MJ, D'Alessio DA, Fradkin J, et al. Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2018. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care 2018;41(12):2669-701.
DOI: 10.2337/dci18-0033
177. Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group . 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J 2020;41(1):111-88.
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455
178. Gijón-Conde T, Sánchez-Martínez M, Graciani A, et al. Impact of the European and American guideliness on hypertension prevalence, treatment, and cardiometabolic goals. J Hypertens 2019;37:1392-400.
DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002065
179. Banegas JR, Ruilope LM. Estudio de mortalidad del Registro español de monitorización ambulatoria de la presión arterial. Una llamada a la traslación de la monitorización ambulatoria de la presión arterial a la práctica clínica. Hipertens Riesgo Vasc 2018;35:97-100.
DOI: 10.1016/j.hipert.2018.05.002
180. Martín-Fernández M, Vinyoles E, Real J, et al. The prognostic value of blood pressure control delay in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2019;37:426-31.
DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001896
181. Vinoyles E. El control de la hipertensión arterial: precoz y diligente. Hipertens Riesgo Vasc 2020;37:63-5.
DOI: 10.1016/j.hipert.2020.01.001
182. The SPRINT Research Group. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control N Engl J Med 2015;373:2103-16.
183. Bangalore S, Toklu B, Gianos E, et al. Optimal systolic blood pressure target after SPRINT: Insights from a network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Med 2017;130:707-19.
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.01.004
184. Salam A, Atkins E, Sündstrom J, et al. Effects of blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular events, in the context of regression to the mean: a systematic review of randomized trials. J Hypertens 2019;37:16-23.
DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001994
185. Schwalm JD, McCready T, López Jaramillo P, et al. A community-bases comprehensive intervention to reduce cardiovascular risk in hypertension (HOPE 4): a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2019;394:1231-42.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31949-X
186. Antithrombotic trialists’ (ATT) collaboration. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials Antithrombotic Trialists’ (ATT) Collaboration. Lancet 2009;373:1849-60.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60503-1
187. Berger JS, Brown DL, Becker RC. Low-dose aspirin in patients with stable cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2008;121(1):43‐9.
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.10.002
188. Colin W, O'Brien, Stephen P, et al. Prevalence of Aspirin Use for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in the United States: Results From the 2017 National Health Interview Survey. Ann Int Medicine 2019.
DOI: 10.7326/M19-0953
189. Gaziano JM, Brotons C, Coppolecchia R, et al. Use of aspirin to reduce risk of initial vascular events in patients at moderate risk of cardiovascular disease (ARRIVE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2018;392:1036-46.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31924-X
190. Bowman L, Mafham M, et al; ASCEND Study Collaborative Group. Effects of aspirin for primary prevention in persons with diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2018;379:1529-39.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1804988
191. McNeil JJ, Wolfe R, Woods RL, et al. Effect of Aspirin on Cardiovascular Events and Bleeding in the Healthy Elderly. N Engl J Med 2018;379:1509-18.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1805819
192. Selak V, Jackson R, Poppe K, et al. Personalized Prediction of Cardiovascular Benefits and Bleeding Harms from Aspirin for Primary Prevention: A Benefit-Harm Analysis. Ann Intern Med 2019;171(8):529‐39.
DOI: 10.7326/M19-1132
193. Albus C, Herrmann-Lingen C, Jensen K, et al. Additional effects of psychological interventions on subjective and objective outcomes compared with exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation alone in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019;26:1035-49.
DOI: 10.1177/2047487319832393
194. Reavell J, Herrmann-LIngen C, Jensen K, et al. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy fro depression and anxiety in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysisi. Psychosom Med 2018;80:742-53.
DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000626
195. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1139-51.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0905561
196. Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011;365:883-91.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1009638
197. Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJV, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011;365:981-92.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1107039
198. Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2013;369:2093-104.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1310907
199. Gibson CM, Mehran R, Bode C, et al. Prevention of bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing PCI. N Engl J Med 2016;375:2423-34.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1611594
200. Cannon CP, Bhatt DL, Oldgren J, et al. Dual antithrombotic therapy with dabigatran after PCI in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2017;377:1513-24.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1708454
201. Vranckx P, Valgimigli M, Eckardt L, et al. Edoxabanbased versus vitamin K antagonist-based antithrombotic regimen after successful coronary stenting in patients with atrial fibrillation (ENTRUST-AF PCI): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial. Lancet 2019;394:1335-43.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31872-0
202. Valgimigli M, Bueno H, Byrne RA, et al. 2017 ESC focused update on dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease developed in collaboration with EACTS: the Task Force for Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Coronary Artery Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Associationfor Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J 2018;39:213-60.
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx419
203. Reavell J, Hopkinson M, Clarkesmith D, et al. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression and anxiety in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 2018;80:742-53
DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000626
204. Piepoli MF, Corra` U, Adamopoulos S, et al. Secondary prevention in the clinical management of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Core components, standards and outcome measures for referral and delivery: a policy statement from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Endorsed by the Committee for Practice Guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014;21:664-81.
DOI: 10.1177/2047487312449597
205. Kotseva K, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, et al. Lifestyle and impact on cardiovascular risk factor control in coronary patients across 27 countries: results from the European Society of Cardiology ESC-EORP Euroaspire V registry. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019;26:824-35.
DOI: 10.1177/2047487318825350
206. Kotseva K, Wood D, De Bacquer D; Euroaspire investigators. Determinants of participation and risk factor control according to attendance in cardiac rehabilitation programmes in coronary patients in Europe: Euroaspire IV survey. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2018;25:1242-51.
DOI: 10.1177/2047487318781359
207. SzeÅLkely O, Lane DA, Lip GYH. Guideline-adherent secondary prevention post-acute coronary syndromes: the importance of patient uptake and persistence. Eur Heart J 2018;39:2365-7.
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy308
208. Piek A, Du W, de Boer RA, et al. Novel heart failure biomarkers: why do we fail to exploit their potential? Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2018;55:246-63.
209. Miller WL, Jaffe AS. Biomarkers in heart failure: the importance of inconvenient details. ESC Heart Fail 2016;3:3-10.
DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12071
210. Hao Q, Tampi M, O’Donnell M, et al. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for acute minor ischaemic stroke or high risk transient ischaemic attack: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2018;363:k5108.
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k5108
211. Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhao X, et al. Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 2013;369:11-9.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1215340
212. Claiborne Johnston S, Donald Easton J, Farrant M, et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin in acute ischemic stroke and high-risk TIA. N Engl J Med 2018;379:215-25.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1800410
213. Thomas RJ, Balady G, Banka G, et al. 2018 ACC/AHA Clinical Performance and quality measures for cardiac rehabilitation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;71:1814-37.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.01.004
214. Buckley J, Doherty P, Furze G, et al. The BACPR Standards and Core Components for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation 2017 (3rd ed.); 2017.
215. Zaidat OO, Fitzsimmons BF, Woodward BK, et al. Effect of a balloon-expandable intracranial stent vs medical therapy on risk of stroke in patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis: The VISSIT randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015;313:1240-8.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.1693
216. Derdeyn CP, Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, et al. Aggressive medical treatment with or without stenting in high-risk patients with intracranial artery stenosis (SAMMPRIS): the fi nal results of a randomised trial. Lancet 2014;383:333.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62038-3
217. Diener PHC, Bogousslavsky PJ, Brass PLM, et al. Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:331-7.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16721-4
218. Hankey GJ, Johnston SC, Easton JD, et al. Effect of clopidogrel plus ASA vs. ASA early after TIA and ischaemic stroke: A substudy of the CHARISMA trial. Int J Stroke 2011;6:3-9.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2010.00535.x
219. Patti G, Sticchi A, Bisignani A, et al. Meta-Regression to Identify Patients Deriving the Greatest Benefit from Dual Antiplatelet Therapy after Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack Without Thrombolytic or Thrombectomy Treatment. Am J Cardiol 2019;124:627-35.
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.05.013
220. Armario P, Jericó J. Beneficios de la reducción del colesterol LDL en la prevención secundaria del ictus isquémico. Nuevas evidencias. Clin Investig Arter 2020 [epub ahead of print].
DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2020.06.002
221. Palacio-Portilla EJ, Roquer J, Amaro S, et al. E nombre del C ad hoc de las G de E de EC de la SE de N. Dislipidemias y prevención del ictus: Recomendaciones del Grupo de Estudio de Enfermedades Cerebrovasculares de la Sociedad Española de Neurología. Neurología 2020 [en prensa].
222. Amarenco P, Kim JS, Labreuche J, et al. Benefit of Targeting a LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Cholesterol <70 mg/dL During 5 Years After Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2020;51:1231-9.
DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.028718
223. Amarenco P, Kim JS, Labreuche J, et al. A Comparison of Two LDL Cholesterol Targets after Ischemic Stroke. N Engl J Med 2020;382:9-19.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1910355
224. Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, et al. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2387-97.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1410489
225. Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, et al. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2017;376:1713-22.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1615664
226. Schwartz GG, Steg PG, Szarek M, et al. Alirocumab and cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2018;379:2097-107.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1801174
227. Bohula EA, Wiviott SD, Giugliano RP, et al. Prevention of Stroke with the Addition of Ezetimibe to Statin Therapy in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome in IMPROVE-IT (Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial). Circulation 2017;136:2440-50.
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029095
228. Giugliano RP, Pedersen TR, Saver JL, et al. Stroke Prevention With the PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin-Kexin Type 9) Inhibitor Evolocumab Added to Statin in High-Risk Patients With Stable Atherosclerosis. Stroke 2020;51:1546-54.
DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.027759
229. Wang N, Fulcher J, Abeysuriya N, et al. Intensive LDL cholesterol-lowering treatment beyond current recommendations for the prevention of major vascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials including 327 037 participants. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020;8:36-49.
DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30388-2
230. Conte MS, Bradbury AW, Holh P, et al. Global Vascular Guidelines on the Management of Chronic limb-Threatening Ischemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2019;58:S1-S109.
231. Lin JS, Evans CV, Johnson E. Nontraditional Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment. Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2018;320:281-97.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.4242
232. Anand SS, Bosch J, Eikelboom JW, et al. Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable peripheral or carotid artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Lond Engl 2018;391:219-29.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32409-1
233. Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Storey RF, et al. Ticagrelor for prevention of ischemic events after myocardial infarction in patients with peripheral artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;67:2719-28.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.524
234. Bonaca MP, Nault P, Giugliano RP, et al. Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lowering with Evolocumab and Outcomes in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease: Insights from the FOURIER Trial (Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research with PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects with Elevated Risk). Circulation 2018;137:338-50.
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032235
235. Frederix I, Vandijck D, Hens N, et al. Economic and social impact of increased cardiac rehabilitation uptake and cardiac telerehabilitation in Belgium – a cost–benefit analysis. Acta Cardiol 2018;73:222-9.
DOI: 10.1080/00015385.2017.1361892
236. Jin K, Khonsari S, Gallagher R, et al. Telehealth interventions for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs J Work Group Cardiovasc Nurs Eur Soc Cardiol 2019;18:260-71.
DOI: 10.1177/1474515119826510
237. Coorey GM, Neubeck L, Mulley J, et al. Effectiveness, acceptability and usefulness of mobile applications for cardiovascular disease self-management: systematic review with meta-synthesis of quantitative and qualitative data. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2018;25:505-21.
DOI: 10.1177/2047487317750913
238. Janssen A, Wagenaar KP, Dendale P, et al. Accreditation of clinical centres providing primary prevention, secondary prevention and rehabilitation, and sports cardiology: a step towards optimizing quality. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019;26:1775-7.
DOI: 10.1177/2047487319867503

Cartas al Director: Hipertensión arterial resistente en adulto joven

Publicado: 2021-05-13 / http://dx.doi.org/
Resumen | PDF

Originales: Efectos del bosentán sobre la función vascular e inflamación de pacientes diabéticos con enfermedad vascular periférica

Publicado: 2021-05-14 / http://dx.doi.org/
Resumen | PDF

Originales: Análisis crítico de la mortalidad en un servicio de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular

Publicado: 2021-05-17 / http://dx.doi.org/
Resumen | PDF

Cartas al Director: Hipertensión arterial refractaria en paciente joven secundaria a tumor del cuerpo carotídeo bilateral productor de catecolaminas

Publicado: 2021-05-19 / http://dx.doi.org/
Resumen | PDF

Artículos Especiales: Comentario del CEIPV a las nuevas guías europeas de prevención cardiovascular 2021

Carlos Brotons , Miguel Camafort , María del Mar Castellanos , Albert Clarà Velasco , Olga Cortés , Ángel Díaz Rodríguez , Roberto Elosúa , Manuel Gorostidi , Antonio M. Hernández Martínez , María Herranz , Soledad Justo , Carlos Lahoz , Pilar Niño , Vicente Pallarés-Carratalá , Juan Pedro-Botet , Antonio Pérez Pérez , Miguel Ángel Royo-Bordonada , Rafael Santamaría , Ricard Tresserras , Alberto Zamora , Inés Zuza , Pedro Armario

Publicado: 2022-03-04 / http://dx.doi.org/10.20960/angiologia.00411
Resumen | PDF

Cartas al Director: Comentario a "The effect of diabetes on abdominal aortic aneurysm growth over 2 years"

Manel Arrébola López

Publicado: 2022-11-21 / http://dx.doi.org/10.20960/angiologia.00488
Resumen | PDF

Revisiones: Actualización en diagnóstico y tratamiento. Revisión bibliográfica

Fabián Darío Arias Rodríguez , Milton Andrés Jiménez Valdiviezo , Katherine del Cisne Ríos Criollo , Gabriela Patricia Murillo Araujo , David Santiago Toapanta Allauca , Katherin Andrea Rubio Laverde , Yadira Paola Barreno Yandún , Melany Madelayne Moposita Alvarado , Mildred Belén Trejo Pincay

Publicado: 2022-10-20 / http://dx.doi.org/10.20960/angiologia.00474
Resumen | PDF

Notas Técnicas: Terapia de estimulación barorrefleja para el control de la hipertensión arterial (sistema Barostim)

Gabriela Ibarra Sánchez , José A. González-Fajardo

Publicado: 2023-03-05 / http://dx.doi.org/10.20960/angiologia.00505
Resumen | PDF

Artículos más populares

Artículos Especiales: Manejo posoperatorio de cirugía de varices: recomendaciones conjuntas de Atención Primaria y del Capítulo Español de Flebología y Linfología

En las tres últimas décadas el campo de la cirugía...

Publicado: 2024-02-09
Resumen | PDF

Artículos Especiales: Guía básica para el estudio de la patología aórtica del capítulo de “Diagnóstico vascular” de la SEACV

Esta "Guía básica para el estudio de la patología...

Publicado: 2024-01-08
Resumen | PDF

Originales: ¿Es necesaria la embolización prequirúrgica en tumores de cuerpo carotídeo? Una experiencia de 15 años

Introducción: los tumores del cuerpo carotídeo son...

Publicado: 2024-02-25
Resumen | PDF

Editado en Madrid por:
Diseño y Desarrollo web Im3diA comunicación

Una cookie o galleta informática es un pequeño archivo de información que se guarda en su navegador cada vez que visita nuestra página web. La utilidad de las cookies es guardar el historial de su actividad en nuestra página web, de manera que, cuando la visite nuevamente, ésta pueda identificarle y configurar el contenido de la misma en base a sus hábitos de navegación, identidad y preferencias. Las cookies pueden ser aceptadas, rechazadas, bloqueadas y borradas, según desee. Ello podrá hacerlo mediante las opciones disponibles en la presente ventana o a través de la configuración de su navegador, según el caso. En caso de que rechace las cookies no podremos asegurarle el correcto funcionamiento de las distintas funcionalidades de nuestra página web. Más información en el apartado “POLÍTICA DE COOKIES” de nuestra página web.

Rechazar